Science for Energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Science for Energy - Essay Example As such, individuals, societies, and governments can play significant roles in changing the way we use energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper will establish the distinct strategies, policies, or roles that individuals, societies, and governments can play to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In absence of government policies and change in individual actions, the world will continue experiencing adverse effects from greenhouse gas emissions, which include carbon dioxide, sulfur hexafluoride, methane, nitrous oxide, PFCs and HFCs. However, carbon dioxide and methane is the most dominant greenhouse gas emissions since they emanate from burning fossil fuels like petroleum, natural gas, and coal. As such, the global society must focus on reducing the emissions of carbon dioxide and methane since their effects are equally synonymous. To this effect the federal government through the relevant agencies should develop and adopt energy efficiency audits in all sectors to establish the amount of energy used and the resultant gas emissions (Herz et al 16). This will help in developing mitigation measures to curb greenhouse gas emissions. The government should also increase building efficiency standards in the commercial sector to ensure that we reduce energy in setting up buildings and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The government can reduce energy by modifying existing production methods for the industrial sector. Indeed, some productions methods consume a lot of energy and emit dangerous gases like carbon dioxide. The federal government should also cogenerate facilities for the industrial sector by using electricity-generated heat or water generated heat to make steam for the industrial process or for cooling purposes (Herz et al 16). This saves a lot of energy and minimizes the chances of using coal or petroleum energy, which reduces greenhouses gas emissions. Waste reduction and recycling equally reduces waste and have the potential of reducing energy consumption and methane generation from landfills (Herz et al 17). Moreover, the review of existing production methods for the industrial sector may have an overall effect of reducing waste and thus minimizing greenhouses gas emissions. However, buying and using more recycled resources in all sectors can derive huge benefits by reducing waste, using less energy in production, and thus conserving the environment. As such, the government should encourage the use of recycled materials in all sectors. To achieve this, the federal government should develop and implement a state recycling and waste reduction plan, which should also entail water conservation, and planning for future resources (Herz et al 17). On the other hand, since methane and carbon dioxides are the most dominant greenhouse gas emissions, the government should reduce methane and natural gas emissions from transmission leaks and from coal mining operations by recapturing leaking methane/natural gas from distribution pipe lines and refineries (Herz et al 18). The transport sector is arguably one of the sectors, which emit a significant amount of greenhouse gases. As such, the government and individuals should ensure the auto maintenance for old and newer cars. This will improve the energy consumption efficiency of the vehicle thus saving energy and reducing emission of the combusting gases. To reduce the gas emissions, which emanate from burning petroleum or oil,

Statement of purpose Personal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Of purpose - Personal Statement Example Some of the main subjects that I have studied in my undergraduate school include signal and systems, satellite communications, antenna engineering, multimedia and networks, digital science processing, and wireless networks. My grades in all of these subjects and others truly reflect my interest in studying communication science. My passion for studying communication science started finding its roots when my father brought a new mobile phone in the early 2000s. I became very surprised to see a little device working without any wire. I had not seen any such device before. My interest started to develop in that device and the science behind it. With the passage of time, it led my way to select communication science as my major for my undergraduate studies. By the time I was done with my graduation from high school, I had become sure that my future lies in studying communication engineering. This is the main reason why I want to go further in this particular field. Upon graduating from the King Khalid University in Saudi Arabia, I decided to move to the next step towards building my knowledge in communication engineering. I have worked as a teaching assistant in Jazan University for almost a year. I have also participated in various teaching courses, such as, introduction to computer science, wireless networking, and digital logic design. As far as my immediate and long-term goals are concerned, my immediate goal is to pursue PhD degree after completing my master’s degree. My long-term goal is to continue my professional career by going back to my university and lead researches related to wireless sensor networks and communication engineering. Another reason why I am interested in the master’s degree program of this university is my passion and interest to get higher education from one of the top universities of the world. I am seeking my professional career in communication engineering. This is only possible if I study

Advantages Of Semisynthetic Penicillins Biology Essay

Advantages Of Semisynthetic Penicillins Biology Essay Introduction Amoxycillin is a semisynthetic ÃŽ ²-lactam antibiotic derived from a common chemical nucleus of naturally occurring Penicillin G, 6-aminopenicillanic acid. Vital to Amoxycillins biological effects is the ÃŽ ²-lactam ring contained within this nucleus. Amoxicillin is bacteriolytic and bacteriocidal to susceptible gram positive and gram negative microbacteria. Today, amoxicillin is the 9th most prescribed drug in the world. Penicillin discovery Up until the early 1900s, the only treatment for bacterial infection was antiseptic which was only useful for surface wounds. In 1928, Alexander Fleming made a momentous albeit accidental discovery in St Marys Hospital in London. He noticed that a Staphylococci plate being grown in culture had been contaminated with mould of the species Penicillium notatum and that this had resulted in the inhibition of bacterial growth in the vicinity of the mould. Fleming subsequently isolated the mould and formulated an antibacterial mould broth. In 1938 at Oxford, Howard Florey and his biochemist Ernst Chain extracted penicillin from the mould and established that it was nontoxic and had chemotherapeutic effects. In 1941 an injectable form of penicillin became available for therapeutic use Advantageous of Semisynthetic Penicillins Penicillin G (naturally occurring) is poorly stable in gastric acid and broken down rapidly as it passes through the stomach. Therefore, Penicillin G must be given intramuscularly which limits its usefulness. Semisynthetic penicillins such as Amoxycillin with increased oral bioavailability were a major advancement in therapeutic antibiotics. Furthermore, while aminopenicillins and natural penicillins have similar efficacy against gram positive bacteria, semisynthetic aminopenicillins (such as Amoxycillin) are more active against certain strains of gram negative rods. Amoxycillin Discovery In Beecham Laboratories in 1957, 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) was isolate from penicillin. Through chemical modification of the ÃŽ ²-lactam thiazolidine ring side chains semisynthetic penicillins were developed. In 1961, Ampicillin was created which was quickly followed in 1964 by the introduction of a Ï -hydroxyl group in Ampicillins side chain creating amoxycillin. Amoxycillin was found to have improved absorption following oral administration and 2-2.5 times greater plasma concentrations compared to an equivalent dose of Ampicillin. In 1967 Beecham laboratories discovered that the susceptibility of Amoxycillin to ÃŽ ²-lactamase could be overcome with co-administration of clavulanic acid (a ÃŽ ²-lactamase inhibitor isolated from Streptomyces olivaceus). Chemistry Amoxycillin is a white crystalline powder that is somewhat soluble in alcohol and water. Amoxycillins chemical name is (2S,5R,6R)-6-[(R)-2amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido]-3,3-dimethy;-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptanes-2-carboxylic acid. It has a molecular weight of 419.4. Figure 1: Chemical Structure of Amoxycillin Pharmacodynamics Amoxycillin functions by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptides of susceptible gram positive and negative microorganisms actively synthesizing peptidoglycan and undergoing multiplication. The molecular target of Amoxycillin and other ÃŽ ²-lactam antibiotics are the Penicillin Binding Proteins. Upon drug-target interaction transpeptidation is blocked and thus inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a vital cell wall component. Subsequently, the inhibitor of autolytic enzymes in the cell wall, is removed resulting in active autolytic enzymes and bacteriolysis. Pharmacokinetics Amoxycillin complies with the two compartment model with elimination occurring from the central compartment. Figure 2 demonstrates Amoxycillins biexponential decline of serum concentration with time. Table 1 and 2 document the pharmacokinetic parameters of Amoxycillin. Figure 2: Average serum concentration versus time after 500mg IV dose of Amoxycillin. Table 1: Pharmacokinetic parameter and absolute bioavailability of a 500mg oral dose of Amoxycillin. Table 2: Pharmacokinetic parameter of a 500mg IV dose of Amoxycillin. Administration Amoxycillin is usually administered orally. The relationship between dose and extent of absorption is not linear with a plateau at higher oral concentrations. Dose adjustments need to be made in patients with renal dysfunction. Bioavailability Drug bioavailability is the proportion of drug that passes into systemic circulation after oral administration. It is dependent upon absorption across the gastrointestinal tract and first pass clearance by the liver. After oral administration of a dose of 250mg and 500mg of Amoxycillin the average peak serum concentrations (observed between 1-2 hours after administration) were 5.0mg/mL and 6.0 10.8 mg/mL respectively. The variation of plasma concentration with time is demonstrated in Figure 3. The oral bioavailability of Amoxycillin is 77.4% Amoxycillin is stable in gastric acid and is rapidly absorbed after oral administration regardless of absence or presence of food products and thus a high proportion of administered dose reaches the systemic circulation.. Figure 3: Mean serum levels following oral administration of 125mg and 250mg of Amoxycillin to 11 normal volunteers. (95% confidence). Volume of Distribution Volume of distribution is defined as the volume of fluid in which the amount of drug in the body would need to be uniformly distributed to produce observed plasma concentrations. Amoxycillin distributes widely and rapidly into most body tissues and fluid. Despite this, Amoxycillin remains extracellular due to lipid insolubility and thus does not cross the blood brain barrier unless the meninges are inflamed. Volume of distribution of Amoxycillin is 20.2L (0.3 L/kg). Clearance Clearance is defined as the volume of blood cleared of drug per unit time. It is dependent on renal excretion hepatic elimination. The clearance of Amoxycillin is 221mL/min. Renal Excretion Amoxycillin is excreted predominantly via the urine in biologically active form or as penicilloic acid. 75% of a 1 gram dose is excreted in the urine within 6 hrs (60% biologically active form, 15% is in the form of penicilloic acid). Biological Half life Elimination half life is defined by the time taken for the plasma concentration of drug to reach half the steady state concentration. The biological half life is 61.3 minutes with normal renal function. Half life increases with renal dysfunction. Clinical Uses Amoxycillin is a broad spectrum ÃŽ ²-lactam antibiotic with effectiveness against many pathogenic microorganisms. It is commonly used to treat bacterial infections such as otitis media, tonsillitis, throat infections, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, gonorrhoea and skin infections. Indications for use Location of infection Microorganism Skin and skin structure E coli, Staphylococcus, nonpenicillinase producing streptococcis Respiratory (Acute and chronic) nonpenicillinase producing E coli, Streptococcus, Strep. Pneumonia, H.influenzae, staphylococcus Genitourinary tract (Complicate and uncomplicated, acute and chronic) E.Coli, P.mirabilis and Strep. Faecalis Gonorrhoea N. Gonorrhoea (nonpenicillinase producing) Prophylaxis of endocarditis Used in people at particular risk (e.g. individuals who have previously had endocarditis or with a prosthetic heart valve) Table 3: Indications for use of Amoxycillin Precautions Drug interactions Amoxycillin is rarely associated with adverse drug interactions however the following reactions have been demonstrated in some cases. Drug Interaction Oral anticoagulants (e.g. Warfarin and Acenocoumarol) Results in abnormal prolongation of prothrombin time (or international normalised ratio.) Allopurinol Results in increased rate of rash reactions. It is unknown whether this is due to Amoxycillin reacting with the allopurinol itself or the hyperuricaemia that it is treating. Combined Oral Contraceptives Like all penicillin, Amoxycillin can affect the commensal gut flora which results in decreased oestrogen absorption. This has been associated with decreased efficacy of combined oral contraceptives. Tetracyclines or other bacteriostatic drugs Bacteriostatic drugs have been known to interference with the bactericidal effects of Amoxycillin Clavulanic acid Amoxycillin therapeutic effects are inactivated by penicillinase (ÃŽ ²-lactam) producing organisms. It is possible to co-administer Amoxycillin with clavulanic acid (ÃŽ ²-lactamase inhibitor) to broaden the spectrum of susceptible bacteria (e.g.. co-amoxiclav). Probenecid Renal excretion can be delayed by administration of Probenecid as demonstrated by Figure 4. When used in conjunction there is an increased plasma concentration of Amoxycillin reached and longer duration of effect. This is a beneficial interaction. Table 4: Some common drug interactions when co-administered with Amoxycillin Figure 4: Mean serum levels following oral administration of 1 gram of Amoxycillin with and without probenicid. Pregnancy and Lactation While penicillin can cross the placenta, no teratogenic effects have been uncovered through animal studies. Similarly, Amoxycillin can be excreted in breast milk resulting in potential side effects for the nursing infant including diarrhoea or allergic response. However, Amoxycillin is generally considered safe for use in pregnant women and nursing mothers. Adverse reactions Side effects are uncommon however potentially include insomnia, diarrhoea, dizziness, confusion, heartburn, easy bruising, itching, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bleeding, rash and allergic reactions. The most common adverse reaction is hypersensitivity reactions in patients with allergies to ÃŽ ² lactam antibiotics, penicillin or cephalosporins. Anaphylaxis can be fatal and occurs more frequently following parenteral administration. All penicillins have been associated with seizures when administered in excessive doses or administered intrathecally. Conclusion The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Flemming lead to the subsequent generation of the semisynthetic aminopenicillin, Amoxycillin. This ÃŽ ²-lactam antibiotic has a broad spectrum of therapeutic use, high oral bioavailability and lack of toxic effects.

Steven Spielberg :: essays research papers

I'm Steven Spielberg and I was born in Cincinnati on December 18, 1947, but I was mainly raised in New Jersey and Arizona. When I was 12 years old I used my dads 8mm camcorder and made a movie. I continued to make films with the camcorder for five more years until I went on a trip to Universal Studios. I was 17 years old and I broke away from the main tourist group to see the sound stages. I bumped into the head of Universal's editorial department, Chuck Silvers. We talked for about an hour and he wanted to see some of my 8mm films. When I showed them to him he said they were good but he could only wish me luck. So the next day I put on a suit and borrowed my fathers suitcase and walked in the front gate of Universal Studio's like I did it every day. One reason I got away with this is because the guard thought I was the owners son. I bought some plastic name tags at a camera store and I found an empty office. Then I put my name in the building directory. Everyday that summer I hung out with directors, writers, and editors. After talking to all of these movie makers I found out that nobody really liked my movies. The next fall I asked some of the executives at Universal how I can get my films noticed. They said I should put my films on 16 or 35mm film. So I did. I made a 20 minute movie about a boy and a girl hitch-hiking from the dessert to the Pacific. The day after it was shown at Universal, Sidney Sheinberg, the head of Universal's T.V. production department, gave me a seven year contract to work on T.V. series. The first few years of the contract were fun, but after a while I didn't want to direct T.V. shows. In 1971 I got a chance to make my first real movie. It was Called Duel and it was about a salesman who was harassed by a truck driver. Even though the movie didn't make much money and wasn't popular, it was my first movie and I had a lot of fun. During the next 10 years I directed 4 of the top 10 movies ever made, including Jaws, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Raiders of the Lost Ark, and E.T. which is number one. E.T.- The Extra Terrestrial made $720 million dollars worldwide in the theaters and over a billion dollars total with video sales. Some other movies I directed were, Indiana Jones and the

Investigation of Magnetic Fields by Search Coil

Physics Lab Report – C15 Title: Investigation of magnetic fields by search coil Objective: To use a search coil and a CRO to investigate the magnetic fields generated by alternating currents through a straight wire and a slinky solenoid. Apparatus: Search coil 1 |Slinky solenoid 1 | |CRO 1 |Slotted bases 2 | |Signal generator 1 |Metre rule 1 | |a. c. mmeter 1 |Crocodile clips 2 | |PVC-covered copper wire 26 s. w. g. 1 m long |Connecting leads. 2 | Theory: When there is a change of the magnetic flux ? linked with a wire loop, it induces an electromotive force (emf) ? between the loop ends, but a constant magnetic flux or a non-linked flux does not. This is the basic fact of electromagnetic induction, expressed by Faraday’s law for a wire loop, ? -d? /dt The induced emf, ? is equal to the negative rate of change of the magnetic flux ? linked with the loop. If we replace the wire loop by a short coil of N turns, the induced voltage is N times that of a single loop, so Far aday’s law becomes ? = -Nd? /dt When loop ends are connected, ? produces a current which yields its own magnetic field. Its direction always opposes the flux change d? /dt. This fact is known as Lenz’s law and is expressed by the negative sign. For a circular loop of radius r and area A = ? r2 in a constant magnetic field B (Fig. 36. ), the magnetic flux linkage ? is ? = B? A = BA cos? B? denotes the field component normal to the loop. The flux linkage is zero when loop and field are parallel. It is highest when the loop is perpendicular to the field, i. e. cos? =1, thus, ? = -NA dB/dt. The search coil is always used to measure the magnetic fields. It consists of N turns of the coil enclosing an area A. When exposed to a changing magnetic field B, an e. m. f. is induced across the ends of the coil. The induced e. m. f. (? ) is directly proportional to the rate of magnetic field, i. e. ? = -NA dB/dt . When the search coil is connected to a CRO, the corresponding induced e. m. f. and hence magnetic field magnitude can be determined. Precautions for magnetic field around straight wire 1. The wire should be long 2. The distance(r) should much smaller than the length of the wire. Procedure A. Magnetic field around straight wire 1. The circuit as shown in Fig. C15. 1 and a lateral type search coil to a CRO was connected. 2. The signal generator was turned on and was set to 0. 5A and 5kHz. 3. The centre of the search coil was placed 1 cm away from the straight wire. The search coil was at the same level and perpendicular to the straight wire. The CRO setting was adjusted to display a whole trace on its screen. 4. The time base of the CRO was switched off. The length of the vertical trace shown on the CRO was recorded, which represents the induced peak-to-peak e. m. f. (V) in the search coil and also the magnetic field around the straight wire. 5. The steps 2 to 4 were repeated with the other values of current (I) from the signal generator in steps of 0. 1A. Then, the results were tabulated. 6. A graph of the induced e. m. f. (V) against the current(I) as plotted. 7. The steps 2 to 4 were repeated with the others values of distances (r) of the search coil away from the straight wire. The results were tabulated. 8. A graph of the induced e. m. f. (V) against the reciprocal of distance([pic]) is plotted. 9. The frequency of the signal generator was varied to change the sensitivity of the search coil. B. Magnetic field around slinky solenoid 10. The circuit as shown in Fig. C15. 2 and a lateral type search coil to a CRO was connected. The stretched length of the solenoid is 1 m. 11. The signal generator was turned on and was set to 0. 5A and 5kHz. 12. The search coil was placed at the centre of the solenoid. Make sure that the search coil was perpendicular to the solenoid. The variation of induced e. m. f. was shown on the CRO. 13. Step 12 was repeated with placing the search coil at the end of the solenoid, across its cross-section and along its length. 14. The search coil was placed at the centre of the solenoid again. The time base of the CRO was switched off. The length of the vertical trace shown on the CRO was recorded, which represents the induced peak-to-peak e. m. f. (V) in the search coil and also the magnetic field around the solenoid. 15. Step 14 was repeated with the other values of currents (I) from the signal generator in steps of 0. 1A. The results were tabulated. 16. A graph of the induced e. m. f. (V) against the current (I) was plotted. 17. Step 14 was repeated with the other stretched lengths (l) of the solenoid. The space between coils must be even. The results were tabulated. 18. A graph of the induced e. m. f. (V) against the reciprocal of the stretched length of the solenoid(1/l ) was plotted. Results A. Magnetic field around straight wire |Current I/A |0 |0. 1 |0. 2 |0. |0. 4 |0. 5 | |Induced e. m. f. (V)/mV |0 |0. 5 |1 |1. 6 |2. 4 |4. 1 | [pic] |Distance (r) / cm |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 | |1/r /cm |1. 00 |0. 50 |0. 33 |0. 25 |0. 20 | |Induced e. m. f. (V)/ mV |4. 2 |3. 2 |2. 6 |2. 3 |2 | [pic] The sensitivity of the search coil can be increased by increasing the frequency. B. Magnetic field around slinky solenoid When placing the search coil at the centre of the solenoid, across its cross-section, the induced e. m. f. shown on the CRO, i. e. the length of the vertical trace is the maximum, that means the magnetic field of the straight wire is the maximum. When placing the search coil at the end of the solenoid, across its cross-section, the induced e. m. f. shown on the CRO, i. e. the length of the vertical trace is nearly half that at the centre of the solenoid, that means the magnetic field of the straight wire is nearly half that at the centre of the solenoid. When placing the search coil along the length of the solenoid, the induced e. m. f. shown on the CRO is quite uniform except near its two ends. |Current I/A |0. 01 |0. 02 |0. 03 |0. 04 |0. 05 |0. 06 | |Induced e. m. f. (V)/mV |1. 4 |2. 8 |3. 4 |4. 2 |6 |6. 6 | [pic]p Stretched length (l ) / m |1 |0. 9 |0. 8 |0. 7 |0. 6 |0. 5 |0. 4 |0. 3 | |1/l /m |1. 00 |1. 11 |1. 25 |1. 43 |1. 7 |2. 00 |2. 50 |3. 33 | |Induced e. m. f. (V)/ mV |1. 6 |1. 8 |2 |2. 2 |2. 4 |2. 8 |3 |3. 2 | |[pic] Discussion 1. From the V-I graph in step 6 (Graph A. 1), the current flowing in the straight wire is directly proportional to the induced e. m. f. (V). As the induced e. m. f. ? = -NA dB/dt, the current flowing in the straight wire increases with the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying straight wire. From the V- graph in step 8 (Graph A. 2), the distance from the straight wire is inversely proportional to the induced e. m. f. (V). As the induced e. m. . ? = -NA dB/dt, the distance from the straight wire decreases with the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying straight wire. Thus, the result agree with the equation [pic], where ? 0 is the permeability of free space. 2. From the V-I graph in step 16 (Graph B. 1), the current flowing in the slinky solenoid is directly proportional to the induced e. m. f. (V). As the induced e. m. f. ? = -NA dB/dt, the current flowing in the slinky solenoid increases with the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying solenoid. From the V- graph in step 18 (Graph B. ), its stretched length is inversely proportional to the induced e. m. f. (V). As the induced e. m. f. ? = -NA dB/dt, its stretched length decreases with the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying solenoid. Thus, the result agree with the equation [pic], where ? 0 is the permeability of free space and is the number of turns of the solenoid. 3. It is necessary to place the search coil at the same level and perpendicular to the straight wire. Otherwise, the magne tic field cannot cut the search coil completely and ideally. Then, the induced e. m. f. is not the maximum and even there is no induced e. . f. shown on the CRO. As a rollecteesult, the data cd is not accurate. 4. There are several sources of error. First, there is reading error, zero error of ammeter. Secondly, the space between coils is not even. Thirdly, the magnetic field around the straight wire and the slinky solenoid is easily disturbed by other apparatus nearby. Finally, the search coil is not at right angles to the straight wire and the solenoid, this make the data collected becomes inaccurate. To avoid disturbance, the set-up should be significantly distant from the return leads and other apparatus. The space between coils is nearly even. The search coil is nearly at right angles to the straight wire and the solenoid Therefore, the experiment can be improved. 5. Reason for the sensitivity of the search coil can be increased by increasing the frequency. First of all, the search coil detects a varying B-field through the current induced in it which is: From the deduction, we can see that with A and B0 held constant, which are the area of search coil and the peak value of the varying B-field respectively, the rate of change of magnetic flux ? ncreases with increasing ? which is the angular frequency with value 2? f, where f is the frequency of the B-field. 6. The Earth’s field can be ignored because it is a steady magnetic field. Conclusion The magnetic field around a long straight wire carrying a current is directly proportional to the current (I) and inversely proportional to the distance(r) from the wire. The magnetic field inside the solenoid carrying a current is direct ly proportional to the current (I) and the number of turns (N) but inversely proportional to the length (l ) of the solenoid.

Narrative style of the novel Essay

Comment on how the language contributes to the understanding of the character, plots, theme and narrative style of the novel Chapter 6 is presented to the audience entirely in the past with no hindsight. Once again it develops the plot showing the children developing closer to adulthood, yet still not quite there, not understanding the consequences of their actions : â€Å"was it you two? â€Å", â€Å"I look away†. The language from the passage in the hard back page 111 to 113 contributes to the understanding of the characters, plots, themes and narrative style of the novel. The section about the hierarchy in trees only further reinforces the naivety and stupidity to the character Stephen. Stephen has an obvious sense of hierarchy and in this case the â€Å"sour smell of the elders† and â€Å"its humiliating position at the very bottom of the hierarchy of trees†. This continues into the â€Å"familiar world† â€Å"out here at the end of the Lanes†, ie: the hierarchy of humans where the levels convey Stephen’s actual opinion of the concept of hierarchy and social status. This shows how immature Stephen is and however evident is his naivety. See more: what is a narrative essay In hindsight Frayn exposes the audience to the intentional irony of the â€Å"sliver framed heroes† at the highest to the lowest – â€Å"an old derelict taking refuge† who are the same person. Frayn has emphasised this hierarchy from the beginning. Stephen feels in triumph that for once he perceives himself higher than someone else in the â€Å"human precedence† and the language emphatically robusts this. This only reinforces that younger is obsessed with hierarchy – only after the discussion of hierarchy is there a sense of realisation. The language in this passage contributes the understanding in the theme of mystery and adventure. Stephen relies on this adventure to prove himself to Keith and in doing so show â€Å"Keith that he’s not the only one who can think of plans and projects†. The use of personal pronoun ‘I’ used more frequently than other times (7) conveys Stephen’s awareness that at this point in the adventure, wherein he can contribute, is a way he can gain approval of others even at the exploitation of the tramp. The passage for the first time shows an all time low in the adventure and â€Å"rain blows† as deliberate violence. This marks a key turning point in the plot as they have to fine some reason for their expedition as they have lost Mrs Hayward. The language used to describe the â€Å"old mans† feelings are just some of the feelings evoked that explain exactly what the boys have been doing bullying, and in doing so, the language also introduces the theme of memory. Frayn draws attention to this key theme by making older Stephen interrupt his story to remind the audience that the Stephen who was once a victim of bullying is now the perpetrator. This narrative style is a device that suggests implausibly that older Stephen is telling the story and also draws attention to memory as a concept and theme. Not only that, but it helps the reader understand that the reason â€Å"I (Stephen) throw down my iron bar†, is to reflect what Stephen knew at that point in time is that what he was doing was bullying. In this passage Frayns presents the language as a way of children going on to do adult things but without adult hindsight and therefore reminds the audience that they are still developing unable to foresee the consequences of their actions. The language is deceptively simple in style, but the passage in Chapter 6 shows a subtlety in language. From the beginning of the passage Stephen shows this middle class social ranking which leads him into his so called heroism that is particularly associated with middle class values. This duty he is estranged with towards Keith was particularly powerful conception in times of war and for Stephen it shows a development in his character and what he is prepared to do out of duty for Keith. Thus, Frayn cleverly uses linguistic devices and in this case exploits the language in order to contribute to the understanding of the characters, plot, themes and narrative style of the novel.